程序性细胞死亡蛋白1（PD-1）是一种重要的免疫抑制受体，主要在T细胞、B细胞、自然杀伤细胞以及其他免疫细胞中表达。PD-1通过与其配体PD-L1和PD-L2结合，发挥抑制免疫反应的作用。在正常免疫反应中，PD-1的激活是防止免疫系统过度活跃的一种自我保护机制，帮助免疫系统避免对自体组织的攻击。然而，在肿瘤免疫逃逸过程中，肿瘤细胞通过上调PD-L1表达与PD-1结合，抑制T细胞的免疫活性，从而逃逸免疫监视。此外，PD-1的异常激活在自免疾病中也起到了重要作用。通过PD-1与其配体的相互作用，免疫细胞的活性被抑制，导致免疫系统无法有效清除自身细胞或组织，这也是多种自免性疾病发生的一个重要机制。
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an important immunosuppressive receptor expressed mainly on T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and other immune cells. PD-1 exerts its inhibitory function by binding to its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. In normal immune responses, the activation of PD-1 serves as a self-protective mechanism to prevent an…
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an important immunosuppressive receptor expressed mainly on T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and other immune cells. PD-1 exerts its inhibitory function by binding to its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. In normal immune responses, the activation of PD-1 serves as a self-protective mechanism to prevent an overactive immune system, helping to avoid attacks on self-tissues. However, during tumor immune escape, tumor cells upregulate PD-L1 expression to bind with PD-1, inhibiting T cell activity and thereby evading immune surveillance. Furthermore, abnormal activation of PD-1 also plays a significant role in autoimmune diseases. Through the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, immune cell activity is suppressed, preventing the immune system from effectively clearing abnormal self-cells or tissues, which is an important mechanism in the development of various autoimmune diseases.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most important signal transduction protein families in human cell membranes, regulating a wide range of physiological processes from vision and olfaction to cardiovascular function. Among them, the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor (AT1R) plays a central role in blood pressure regulation, fluid…
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most important signal transduction protein families in human cell membranes, regulating a wide range of physiological processes from vision and olfaction to cardiovascular function. Among them, the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor (AT1R) plays a central role in blood pressure regulation, fluid balance, and cardiovascular diseases. However, the activation mechanism of peptide ligand-binding GPCRs like AT1R has long been a research bottleneck, as traditional methods struggled to capture their active conformations, hindering the precise development of targeted therapeutics. A research team from Harvard Medical School, Duke University, and other institutions has successfully overcome this challenge using synthetic nanobody technology. Their findings, published in Cell, pave a new path for GPCR research and drug development.
GPCR(G蛋白偶联受体)是人类细胞膜上最重要的信号转导蛋白家族之一，调控着从视觉、嗅觉到心血管功能的多种生理过程，其中AT1R(血管紧张素II型1受体)作为该家族中的重要成员，在血压调节、体液平衡及心血管疾病中发挥核心作用。然而AT1R等肽类配体结合型GPCR的激活机制一直存在研究瓶颈，传统方法难以捕获其活性构象，制约了靶向药物的精准研发。哈佛医学院、杜克大学等机构的研究团队借助合成纳米抗体技术，成功破解了这一难题，相关成果发表于《Cell》，为 GPCR 研究与药物开发开辟了全新路径。
CD7 is a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily expressed on the surface of T cells, NK cells, and their precursor cells. It is highly expressed, especially in hematological tumors such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and lymphoma. As a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, CD7 is involved in T cell activation, adhesion, and…
CD7 is a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily expressed on the surface of T cells, NK cells, and their precursor cells. It is highly expressed, especially in hematological tumors such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and lymphoma. As a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, CD7 is involved in T cell activation, adhesion, and signal transduction, playing an important role in lymphocyte development and immune response. It is a significant marker for T-cell malignancies. Due to its specific expression and persistence in pathological states, CD7 has become an ideal target for developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies.